These campaigns have led to arrests of poachers and seizures of weapons and illegal wildlife items, including ivory and rhino horn. Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. [50], On the coastal section of the African Great Lakes region, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African Swahili City States. The waters of the Western Indian Ocean also support globally important shrimp and tuna industries. Farmers are often killed while trying to defend their fields and elephants become the source of resentment and anger by the local communities. Over several centuries countless East Africans were sold as slaves by Muslim Arabs to the Middle East and other places via the Sahara desert and Indian Ocean. Most of the smaller islands are independent nations, or associated with France, and known as luxury beach resorts . Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus and has most of the highest elevations in the continent. Greek and Roman coins have been found, and there are some accounts of overseas migrations to the coast. The equator runs through Africa, from Gabon in the west to Somalia in the east, and nearly splits the continent into two equal parts. A humpback whale breaches in the waters by Nosy Boraha Island (le Sainte-Marie), Madagascar Gudkov Andrey (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), ? Born out of wedlock . When ships were powered by sails, the seasonally alternating Indian Ocean monsoon winds allowed for efficient sea voyages up and down the coast. In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the First ItaloEthiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia. Kilwa Kisiwani, located on the southern coast of modern-day Tanzania, is a prime example of how city-states in Africa developed and became wealthy while maintaining autonomous rule. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). All rights reserved. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. 1: The Swahili Coast of East Africa | From 1000 to 1500 CE, numerous Swahili states emerged along this 1,000 mile stretch from Mogadishu in the north (present-day Somalia) to Sofala in the south (present-day Mozambique). The Glorioso Islands are a small atoll in the Indian Ocean off East Africa, near Madagascar, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Africa has a huge range of coastline which borders not only two oceans, but two seas as well. The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region.By this time, the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. By 1300, like the inhabitants of neighbouring Mafia, they were living in Muslim towns, the rulers of which were Shites. 1250 24th Street, N.W. Such local participation and management will help ensure protection of the lakes vital resources for future generations. Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. [27] There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several; a multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory. 11. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing may account for as much as a third of total catches in some important fisheries in the region, and the capacity for local enforcement is severely lacking. This, coupled with similar climatic and ecological conditions in most of the surrounding coastal lands, has . The kingdom of kush was an empire situated in the Nile Valley from 1070 bc to 550 AD,The kingdom would ultimatly Portuguese trading stations in East Africa and the Slave trade. Whales, dolphins, dugongs and whale sharks inhabit these Indian Ocean waters. The east African island map will guide you through Madagascar which is situated off the coast of Mozambique. For the entity known as (British) East Africa, see, Somaliland is not included in the United Nations geoscheme, as it is internationally. It is narrow (approx. Tanzania and Uganda fought the UgandaTanzania War in 19781979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin. traverses the expanses of the Southern Ocean south of Africa, south of Australia, and the south Pacific. Along the coasts, you can find dugongs, whale sharks, dolphins, whales, and five species of marine turtles. Threatened by illegal fishing, agricultural pollution and surrounding forest degradation, WWF worked to protect this area for future generations. [32][33][34][35], In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought. Swahili, with at least 80million speakers[citation needed] as a first or second language, is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area. Fast as they are, I doubt this shark was quick enough to outrun the storm. ~ Adam Mitchell, ? The East Africa coast supports rich wildlife populations of which 60-70% are found only in the Indo-Pacific and 15% are found nowhere else in the world. At other places on his way, such as the island of Angediva, near Goa, and Cannanore, the Portuguese built forts, and adopted measures to secure the Portuguese supremacy. By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. Ethiopia remained independent until 1936 when, after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, it became part of Italian East Africa. 7 Days in Entebbe, The Last King of Scotland, Out of Africa, Queen of Katwe, The Constant Gardener, Hotel Rwanda, The Good Lie, and Captain Phillips are a few of the critically acclaimed movies. Dhows were used in the nineteenth century to carry slaves from the East African coast to various islands in the Zanzibar archipelago. Along the beaches and within coral reefs and seagrass beds, five species of marine turtles nest and feed: green turtle, hawksbill, olive ridley, loggerhead and leatherback. Sailors and Daughters reveals the expansive maritime societies of Zanzibar, the east African coast, and beyond. The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. . With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Tanzania (particularly Zanzibar) and Kenyaa seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coastthe Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan-words as a consequence of these interactions. Warming seawaters threaten the incredible diversity associated with the regions coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching. The region also provides habitat for threatened shorebirds and seabirds, including the sooty tern, the masked booby, the greater crested tern, and the brown noddy. External trade was increasing: glass beads were being imported from India, and porcelains, transshipped either in India or in the Persian Gulf, were arriving from China. Coastal storms bring stronger winds creating greater wave damage along shorelines. WWF strives to develop practical solutions to address the conflict that frequently occurs between people and wildlife. 110. Aiming to reduce illegal activities, WWF helped the governments of Tanzania and Mozambique agree to work cooperatively on improving forest management. Compass in the dark at Atlantis Reef dive site, Simons Town, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), I went diving at the newly discovered Atlantis reef. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Between 2500 and 3000 years ago, Bantu-speaking peoples began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their homeland around southern Cameroon. The Agulhas Current flows from northeast to southwest, almost hugging the east coast of South Africa, and transports warm water from the Indian down into the Southern Ocean. Indo-European languages, such as English, French and Portuguese, remain important in higher institutions in some parts of the larger region. Physical Geography. In southwest Africa, the plains and plateaus of Namibia are found . East coast rock lobsters found in the Indo-West Pacific region, from East Africa along the coast of the Indian Ocean, as far as the Malay Archipelago, and then along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean to Japan in the north and Australia, New Caledonia and probably the Marquesas Islands in the south. The subregion stretches from Eritrea in the north to Mozambique in the south. When we think "Africa," we think of the "Big Five"lions, elephants, leopards, buffalo and rhinosthat crisscross the African Savannah. The wildlife of East Africa is quite extraordinary, and a cruise can be easily combined with a Kenyan or Tanzanian safari. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. These resources must be managed sustainably to ensure their future. At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. My modest aim in this paper is to turn a similar spotlight on the East African coast, to re-examine the little-known set of oral histories that includes those . At this stage, the Portuguese presence in East Africa served the purposes of controlling trade within the Indian Ocean and securing the sea routes linking Europe to Asia. [71], There are movies that have depicted East Africa in various forms. Some of the island's historical buildings could be seen from the ocean, especially the House of . Once implemented, the law will save the lives of up to 5,000 marine turtles per year and allow Mozambican fishers to sell their shrimp to the U.S. market. Some geologists studying the Canary Islands predict that the western side of a volcano eventually will slide off into the ocean, sending a 300-foot high wave of liquid destruction our way. WWF and partners have helped fishermen create a sustainable oyster harvesting system, resulting in increased profits and yield. Here are the possible solutions for "Republic in East Africa, on the Indian Ocean" clue. (2009 est.) WWF seeks to halt the illegal logging in Mozambique and Tanzania that is destroying vital coastal forests. The Western Hemisphere includes about half of Antarctica and all of North and South America which includes the Caribbean and Central America as well as Greenland. [47] The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The water temperature right now is at least 32F and at most 85F. Encyclopdia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra. (US) +1 (786) 655-4040, *Call costs: Local rates apply from South Africa, UK and US otherwise international rates apply, newsletter@africageographic.com Omani Arab colonization of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent city-states under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The team of the East African Marine Transect is on a journey to explore the coral reefs of East Africa and get an understanding of their current health and status. The Dragonfly Sea, by Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.[66]. In fact, on the coast of Somalia, many years can go by without any rain whatsoever. We also introduced a new program of raising goats and offered improved husbandry techniques to reduce the animals impact on vegetation and crops. Within minutes, the blindingly bright white flats had been obscured by the downpour, and I lost the shark in the rain. WWF also facilitated the organization of local fishing communities and helped build their capacity to combat illegal fishing, create alternative sources of income, and implement environmental education programs. Klemetti, E. (2020), Are we seeing a new ocean starting . The park is Africas largest marine protected arearich with coral reefs, dugongs, dolphins, marine turtles, whales, sharks and hundreds of species of fish. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique by sea. Learn the historical significance of the Kingdom of Axum and how other . collapse afer a 1500 year reign over the Southern Nile valley as a result of the migrating Noba, The immigration and Conquest of the Noba would culturally reshape the Sudanese nile valley and lead to the transition of the region into the 3 Nubian speaking Christian kingdoms afterwards, Makuria, Alodia (Also known as Alwa) and Nobatia as result of the Noba who likley spoke proto nubian.[43]. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. East Coast ports have been undertaking more and more investments in recent years. Aromatic gums, tortoiseshell, ivory, and slaves were traded in return. Outside of protected areas, WWF supports joint antipoaching efforts, involving police, military and park service staff. It has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. We collaborate with authorities on a comprehensive investigation of illegal practices in an effort to create new policies and standards that mandate sustainable forest management and trade. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. This particular shark was cruising with the outgoing current towards the lagoon entrance as a storm front darkened the sky on the horizon. His first stop was Zeila, a port of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia with a large Muslim community. On an average, the north equatorial warm current flows from east to west but this saline current is deflected northward when it crosses the mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15N latitude. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens. This ocean stretches around the world at southern latitudes, where it circumnavigates Antarctica. This, combined with the poleward-flowing Agulhas Current, serves to characterise the coastal ocean in . In Mozambique, WWF helped initiate a new law that makes TEDs mandatory in the countrys shrimp trawl fleet. It must be a long-term collective commitment to protecting what connects us - our ocean. This is . [74] In Ethiopia, there is an estimated population of 102million as of 2016.[75]. We also work towards MSC certification for the deep water shrimp fishery in Mozambique. There is some archaeological evidence that during the Qin and Han dynasties Chinese shipping technology was already quite advanced (the central rudder was invented around this time). Rainfall in East Africa is characterised by two main rainfall seasons, the long rains from MarchMay and the short rains from October- December. [36], East Africa is one of the earliest regions where Homo sapiens are believed to have lived. Some fishing practices are causing unacceptable amounts of bycatchthreatening shark, marine turtles and seabird populations. Language distributions suggest that this most likely occurred from Sudan into the African Great Lakes region, since the Nilotic languages spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers have their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin. Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. [69] Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [23] Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. [28] Some researchers have suggested that North Africa was the region of Africa from which modern humans who first trekked out of the continent. The geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic. editors@africageographic.com [52], The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta, Azania and Menouthias[53] referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania. Rhaptas main imports were metal weapons and iron toolssuggesting that iron smelting was not yet known. Coastal East Africa hosts the second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa. Scientific consensus states the region of East Africa is where anatomically modern humans first evolved circa 200,000 years ago before migrating northwards and eastwards out of Africa. Precipitation also is affected by varying elevation: Uganda, Tanzania, and western Kenya receive plentiful rainfall, while Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya receive far less. 100 km wide), swift (up to 3 m/s) and deep (2 km). There is evidence of a considerable iron-smelting industry at Manda and of a lesser one at Kilwa. Fig. app@africageographic.com [67] Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centered around Mombasa. The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania. The Horn of Africa, a major peninsular extension of the African mainland into the Arabian Sea, contains the vast lowland coastal plains of Somalia. This protection of wildlife creates a strong and sustainable incentive for conservation. East Africa is a subregion of the continent of Africa, according to the United Nations Geoscheme. (1999). The major difference between conservation of the animals on the land and that of the sea is that 30 million people rely on the coastal reef ecosystems to subsist and sustain their livelihoods. The East African coast and the Western Indian Ocean are regions of global historical signi cance. Chami, Felix A. Speakers of Nilo-Saharan languages populate Uganda and the rift valley portions of Kenya and Tanzania, while speakers of Bantu languages constitute much of the remainder of these countries population. To comment on this story: Download our app here - it's a troll-free safe place . We encourage the use of drought resistant and high yield cropssuch as maize and beansand distribute improved seed varieties. Generally the Eastern Hemisphere includes most of Africa, about half of Antarctica, all of Asia and Australia/Oceania, and most of Europe. Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 C (77 F) and minima of 15 C (59 F) at an altitude of 1,500 . Ancient Settlement The ancient peoples of what would become the Swahili Coast prospered thanks to agriculture and animal husbandry, aided by a regular annual rainfall and shallow coastal waters plentiful in seafood. Let's work together to safeguard these globally important reefs for the benefit of communities, the marine ecosystem, the nations of Kenya . World Wildlife Fund Inc. is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization (tax ID number 52-1693387) under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The coast of East Africa stretches 4,600km from southern Somalia to the Natal shores of South Africa. A new period opened, it seems, in the 9th century. Within this region, WWF works in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the western part of the Indian Ocean. Few would imagine that there could be more natural beauty on offer. The inhabitants, whose main local currency was cowrie shells, traded with the peoples of the Persian Gulf and, by the early 11th century, had first come under Muslim influence. [79], According to the CIA, as of 2017, the countries in the eastern Africa region have a total population of around 537.9 million inhabitants.[80]. [40][41], The migration route of the "Out of Africa" theory probably occurred in East Africa however through Bab el Mandeb. In: The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. The largest numbers of Nilo-Saharan speakers belong to the Luo, Lango, Kalenjin, Maasai, and Karimojong peoples, while the principal Bantu-speaking ethnic groups are the Kikuyu, Chaga, and Kamba. They have revealed an extensive pre-Muslim settlement standing on the edge of what was the finest harbour on the coast. WWF works to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and wildlife, collaborating with partners from local to global levels in nearly 100 countries. Eastern Africa region The Nairobi Convention A: Overview The Western Indian Ocean region is characterised by high biodiversity, both in terms of species and ecosystems, with a young and growing human population, especially in coastal urban centres. The different types of mangroves that were planted can withstand longer periods of flooding. A windswept and beautiful coast is the face that South Africa presents to the world - at turns tempestuous and tamed, stormy and sublime. Because of offshore islands, better landing places, and wetter climate, Arab traders from about 700 seem to have preferred the East African coast to the south of modern Somalia. Discounts at Africas best lodges and on our hand-made packages subscribers only, STORIES & DISCUSSIONS Overharvesting of timber and illegal commercial logging continue to threaten forests in Coastal East Africa. Seyyid said later introduced copper and silver coins. Portugal's main goal on the Swahili coast was to take control of the spice trade from the Arabs. Several countries border the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Not a lot is known about the species, but they occur in deep water reefs and is vulnerable to overfishing. With imports and exports on the rise in and out of these ports, it's only a matter of time before larger and deeper berths are necessary to accommodate the changes and remain competitive. Of which were Shites of raising goats and offered improved husbandry techniques to reduce activities! Wide ), swift ( up to 3 m/s ) and deep ( 2 km.! New content and verify and edit content received from contributors to the nations... 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