In order to do so, it was necessary to choose a definition of sleep quality as a basis for discussion. Operationalization means turning abstract concepts into measurable observations. Chronic insufficient sleep often occurs when people choose to sacrifice sleep in favor of work, leisure, or other obligations. Functional and Economic Impact of Sleep Loss and Sleep-Related Disorders. Conceptual and operational definition of the components of the nursing diagnosis hypothermia (00006) in the perioperative period. In the first stage of the study, telephone numbers were retrieved in proportion to the population of each county. Interviews were carried out using Sleep-EVAL, a knowledge-based expert system for use in epidemiologic studies, focusing on sleep, as well as physical and mental disorders, according to classification in DSM-IV and the second edition of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. The following sections outline some key sleep hygiene improvements for people who get insufficient sleep. Telephone numbers were randomly selected within each state using a computerized residential phone book. Idiopathic hypersomnia: a study of 77 cases. Improving decisionmaking processes with the fuzzy logic approach in the epidemiology of sleep disorders. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). A. Epub 2015 Nov 9. Another unique finding in our study was that napping is fairly common in the general population (15.4%), although it is usually documented only in studies of elderly individuals. are more frequently used to describe factors that reduce the quantity and/or quality of sleep and keep a person from waking up refreshed. For some individuals with hypersomnia disorder, the duration of the major sleep episode (for most individuals, nocturnal sleep) is 9 hours or more. (2006). Conceptual and operational definitions of the components of the nursing diagnosis Acute Pain (00132). An inconsistent sleep schedule may facilitate these decisions and make them feel less intentional in the moment. General anesthesia usually uses a combination of intravenous medicines and inhaled gasses. Rev Bras Enferm. The interviews lasted a mean (SD) of 62.1 (32.2) minutes. BMJ open, 7(9), e016873. Persistent insomnia is associated with mortality risk. International journal of endocrinology, 2015, 591729. For the upcoming DSM-5, our findings support the use of a multidimensional approach in assessing a disorder. daily life? Acute sleep deprivation raises the risk of unintentional errors and accidents. In some cases, this results in Reports of ES accompanied by unrefreshing, long main sleep episodes are not frequent: we found only 0.7% of the general population with this symptom. Again, there is no comparison point with other epidemiologic studies. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Falling asleep easily and almost everywhere, period(s) of sudden and uncontrollable sleep, or feeling sleepy or drowsy during past month, Frequency (<1, 12, 34, 56 d/wk; daily), Frequency in a day (<1, 23, 45, >5 times/d), Last episode occurrence (past 24 h, past week, past month, past year, >1 y), Timing of occurrence (morning, after meals, afternoon, evening), Situation/environment occurrence: at work, during daily activities, at school, with friends or relatives, during conversation, in quiet situations (watching TV, reading, relaxing), as a car passenger, as a driver, in public transportation, Evolution of sleepiness since it first appeared (decreased, increased, no change), Effect of ES on social and occupational functioning (each of 10 questions answered on a graduated scale: not at all, mild, moderate, severe, very severe), Frequency in a week, in a day (same answer choices as for ES), Duration of naps (<15, 1530, 3045, 4560, >60 min), Mean total sleep duration in a 24-h period, taking into account napping, Whether napping affects ability to fall asleep easily at night, Duration of main sleep period in past year, Confusional arousal in past month (sleep drunkenness): frequency in a week and duration, Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations (frequency, moment of last episode, terrifying hallucinations, age at onset), Cataplexy and cataplexylike symptoms (body parts involved, frequency, moment of last episode, age at onset, whether witnessed by others, situations triggering an episode), Sleep paralysis at sleep onset (naps or main sleep episode) or on awakening (frequency, age at onset, moment of last episode), Sleep/wake schedule for past week and past year, Medical conditions and pharmacologic treatment (name, indication, dose), Falling asleep easily almost everywhere, times/wk, Periods of sudden and uncontrollable sleep, times/wk, Feeling moderately to severely sleepy during the day, times/wk, Confusional arousal (ie, sleep drunkenness), times/wk, I. Such information is relevant to our evolving understanding of the nosology of hypersomnia disorder and its clinical and public health consequences. When ES symptoms are added and the definition is restricted to recurrence within the same day accompanied by normal sleep duration, a minimum frequency of 3 times per week, and duration of ES of at least 3 months, the prevalence drops to 4.7% and further to 1.5% after applying the differential diagnosis (ie, eliminating sleep disorders that could be responsible for ES). The distinction between the two is clear (now). A few epidemiologic studies24 have assessed ES using 2 or 3 questions, but most studies have relied on a single question. Excessive sleepiness with associated symptoms was found in 15.6% of the participants (95% CI, 15.0%16.2%). National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help integrative review in the following databases: COCHRANE; SCOPUS; MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) via Pubmed; LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature Database); CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) and EMBASE (The Excerpta Medical Database). Cappuccio, F. P., DElia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L., Hazen, N., Herman, J., Katz, E. S., Kheirandish-Gozal, L., Neubauer, D. N., ODonnell, A. E., Ohayon, M., Peever, J., Rawding, R., Sachdeva, R. C., Setters, B., Vitiello, M. V., Ware, J. C., & Adams Hillard, P. J. Respondents with insomnia disorder, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, restless legs syndrome, or circadian rhythm sleep disorders were more likely to have a positive diagnosis of hypersomnia disorder. View Source While both insomnia and sleep deprivation involve failing to get enough sleep, many experts in sleep science make a distinction between them. Presentation of articles selected, Figure 2. The impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brain. For differential diagnosis (D), hypersomnia is not better accounted for or does not occur exclusively during the course of another sleep disorder. As a result, the terms Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S, Paiva T. Prevalence of narcolepsy symptomatology and diagnosis in the European general population. bP =.008. Bookshelf National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Diabetes care, 33(2), 414420. ES indicates excessive sleepiness. All scientific data and information must be backed up by at least one reputable source. in which a person dozes off for a matter of seconds. During NREM sleep, the breathing and heart Using these criteria, we found that 15.6% of the sample (95% CI, 15.0%16.2%) had at least 1 symptom described in criterion A (Figure). , and sleep deprivation has been calculated to incur hundreds of billions in added The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. WebPoor sleep quality has significant adverse health outcomes. Results: Campinas,, Figure 2. eCollection 2020. (2012). Sleeping at least 9 hours was reported by 6.2% of the sample. Frequency per week of periods of sudden and uncontrollable sleep. Contrary to what was previously believed,22 we found hypersomnia disorder to be relatively frequent in the general population, with a prevalence of 1.5% in our sample meeting this new definition. However, shift workers were more likely to state that they have ES than were daytime workers. Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology, 463(1), 121137. Grandner, M. A., Alfonso-Miller, P., Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Shetty, S., Shenoy, S., & Combs, D. (2016). None of these approaches is a sustainable solution to sleep deprivation. View Source Ohayon MM, Ferini-Strambi L, Plazzi G, Smirne S, Castronovo V. Frequency of narcolepsy symptoms and other sleep disorders in narcoleptic patients and their first-degree relatives. depression, in psychology, a mood or emotional state that is marked by feelings of low self-worth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life. In older adults, napping has been linked16,17 to increased risk of mortality and to cognitive impairment. Sleep-EVAL, Knowledge Based System for the Diagnosis of Sleep and Mental Disorders. Ohayon M, Wickwire EM, Hirshkowitz M, Albert SM, Avidan A, Daly FJ, et al. A total of 7.7% of the sample had less than a high school degree; 57.9% had completed high school only. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 102 years, with a mean (SD) age of 45.8 (17.9) years. Vernet C, Leu-Semenescu S, Buzare MA, Arnulf I. Subjective symptoms in idiopathic hypersomnia: beyond excessive sleepiness. Prevalence of Excessive SleepinessAssociated Symptoms in a Sample of 15 929 Individuals. Campinas,, Figure 4. Accessibility Am J Epidemiol. Middle English slepe, from Old English slp; akin to Old High German slf sleep and perhaps to Latin labi to slip, slide, before the 12th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1, before the 12th century, in the meaning defined at intransitive sense 1. Trusted Source Help Us Connect You To A Better Nights Sleep. Excessive sleepiness (ES) is poorly defined in epidemiologic studies, although its adverse implications for safety, health, and optimal social and vocational functioning have been extensively reported. The DSM-IV-TR and older versions of the ICSD23,24 defined hypersomnia solely on an excessive quantity of sleep (long nocturnal sleep period) or recurrent daytime sleep episodes (naps). Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Born, J. Objective: to present the knowledge produced about sleep and Acute Coronary Syndrome in order to assist in the elaboration of the operational and Validity here refers to if the researchers are actually measuring what they intended to measure. WebDespite lacking a standard, operational definition, NRS is investigated in research studies and included in diagnostic manuals. Foley D, Monjan A, Masaki K, Ross W, Havlik R, White L, Launer L. Daytime sleepiness is associated with 3-year incident dementia and cognitive decline in older Japanese-American men. WebSleep quality is sometimes defined by subjective or objective sleep parameters related to the magnitude of wakefulness during the night, such as sleep onset latency, total Excessive sleepiness was reported by 27.8% (95% CI, 27.1%28.5%) of the sample. To date, measures of the dimensional aspects of ES have been weak. Subsequently, an exhaustive 2 automatic interaction detection (CHAID) method was used to verify the results obtained in the discriminant analysis. Just as in previous clinical samples, in our study the disorder affects men and women equally but is more prevalent among younger rather than older individuals. Insufficient sleep can directly affect how a person feels during their waking hours. Our study shows the benefit of using more descriptive dimensions to assess symptomatology, such as chronicity, severity, comorbidity, and age. For example, a person who decides to stay up late to binge-watch a TV series may experience acute sleep deprivation. The results confirmed those found with the discriminant function analysis. Individuals who declined to participate or withdrew before completing half the interview were classified as refusals. Don't be surprised if none of them want the spotl One goose, two geese. To save this word, you'll need to log in. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center, Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California (Dr Ohayon); Centre de Rfrence Nationale Maladie RareNarcolepsie et Hypersomnie Idiopathique, Service de Neurologie, Hpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Montpellier, France (Dr Dauvilliers); and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Reynolds), Correspondence: Maurice M. Ohayon, MD, DSc, PhD, Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3430 W Bayshore Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94303 (, The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at. Ford DE, Kamerow DB. For example, a person who sleeps for a total of eight hours but with many awakenings that fragment their sleep may have insufficient sleep even though their sleep duration technically meets the recommended amount. Research also suggests that some individuals are more likely to experience symptoms after a lack of sleep and that this may be tied to a An illustration of this difference is that people who are sleep deprived because of a busy work schedule usually have no problems sleeping longer on weekends to try to catch up on sleep. As much as 27.8% (95% CI, 27.1%28.5%) of the sample (4428 individuals) reported ES at the time of the interview. The NHLBI is the nation's leader in the prevention and treatment of heart, lung, blood and sleep disorders. With the use of a jackknifed classification procedure for the total sample, 84.2% of the cases were correctly classified: 84.4% of those without impairment/distress related to ES were classified as such, and 80.9% of participants with impairment/distress were correctly identified. Logistic regressions were used to compute the odds ratios associated with ES symptoms. Careers. If you're ready for more, sign up to receive our email newsletter! National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information One moose, two moose. Excessive sleepiness can be associated with many sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, and restless legs syndrome. A person who is depressed usually experiences several of the following symptoms: feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or pessimism; lowered self-esteem and heightened self-depreciation; a Author Contributions: Dr Ohayon had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Trusted Source Huge deals on top mattress and bedding brands! We used logistic regression models to assess the associations between the positive diagnosis of hypersomnia disorder (criteria A, B, and C) and other sleep, psychiatric, and medical disorders (using DSM-IV-TR classifications for psychiatric disorders and International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, for medical disorders). A total of 15 929 individuals representative of the adult general population of 15 states in the United States. 2020 Apr 17;28:e3259. In these 2 classifications,6,9 hypersomnia disorder was first based on ES being defined as an excessive sleep quantity. The purpose of this article is to consider objective measures of the subjective sleep quality experience. Based on information from Lee, 2003. Objective to present the knowledge produced about sleep and Acute Coronary Syndrome in order to assist in the elaboration of the operational and On a society-wide level, the impacts of sleep deprivation are enormous. Kim, T. W., Jeong, J. H., & Hong, S. C. (2015). Stimulants like caffeine can also mask the symptoms of sleep deprivation, so its important to note how you feel on and off these substances. An insomnia diagnosis requires these sleep troubles to also cause daytime impairments, such as sleepiness or difficulty concentrating. Poudel, G. R., Innes, C. R., Bones, P. J., Watts, R., & Jones, R. D. (2014). Your daily habits and environment can significantly impact the quality of your sleep. We report our analysis of a large epidemiologic data set collected from a representative sample of the US population. Risk of napping. (2019). About 80 percent of sleep is dreamless, and is known as non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Only 2 general population studies7,8 have provided a prevalence of 0.3% for hypersomnia disorders based on ICSD-979 criteria (similar to those of DSM-IV-TR). When there was only 1 episode of ES per day, the addition of falling asleep easily and almost everywhere during the day and occurring at least 5 times a week also predicted impairment/distress. Trusted Source A clarification of the term is necessary to inform patients and healthcare providers, promote consistent theoretical and NINDS aims to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. 1 For example, in our imaginary experiment on the effects of sleep Sleep, 35(9), 12231233. Rand health quarterly, 6(4), 11. Want to read more about all our experts in the field? Naps and the number of naps within the same day were not retained by the exhaustive CHAID procedure. in the United States alone. Features in this section describe and explain the significance of typical sleep patterns, as well as a variety of factors that disrupt these patterns. Disclaimer. Another recent study published in Cell Metabolism that controlled for exercise, Before we went to her house, Hannah told us her aunt was a. These internal links are intended to improve ease of navigation across the site, and are never used as original sources for scientific data or information. Eric Suni has over a decade of experience as a science writer and was previously an information specialist for the National Cancer Institute. At the diagnostic level, this study used new criteria, encompassing an excessive quantity of sleep and quality of wakefulness to determine the prevalence of hypersomnia disorder in the general population. Only age and occupation remained significant. An official website of the United States government. To our knowledge, this study is the first epidemiologic survey of prevalence rates for hypersomnia disorder in the US general population. A protocol for a meta-analytic review of randomised controlled trials. At the reporting and symptoms (criterion A) levels, ES was more prevalent among women than men. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) The gray literature was also included. View Source Prevalence of hypersomnia disorder was 1.5% of the participants (95% CI, 1.3%1.7%). Our team of writers, editors, and medical experts rigorously evaluates each article to ensure the information is accurate and exclusively cites reputable sources. Although reports of ES were common in our sample (27.8%), the prevalence dropped quickly throughout the decisional tree for diagnosis of the disorder. As the nations health protection agency, CDC saves lives and protects people from health threats. Abbreviations: ES, excessive sleepiness; ICD-10, International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision; ICSD-2, International Classification of Sleep Disorders, second edition; TV, television. Sleep is as important to the human body as food and water, but many of us dont get enough sleep. We must therefore content ourselves with a phenomenological definition of depression as a syndrome. Carskadon MA, Dement WC, Mitler MM, Roth T, Westbrook PR, Keenan S. Guidelines for the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT): a standard measure of sleepiness. Would you like email updates of new search results? Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S. The place of confusional arousals in sleep and mental disorders: findings in a general population sample of 13,057 subjects. Heritability of performance deficit accumulation during acute sleep deprivation in twins. Combination of intravenous medicines and inhaled gasses NREM ) sleep a standard, operational of. Survey of prevalence rates for hypersomnia disorder in the prevention and treatment of Heart, Lung, and Blood (. Ourselves with a mean ( SD ) age of 45.8 ( 17.9 ) years of randomised trials... Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Born, J studies and included in diagnostic manuals 95 CI... Processes with the fuzzy logic approach in the epidemiology of sleep is dreamless, is! Is relevant to our Knowledge, this study is the first epidemiologic survey of prevalence rates for disorder! Es have been weak was found in 15.6 % of the participants ( 95 %,. Interaction detection ( CHAID ) method was used to verify the results in... How a person from waking up refreshed hypothermia ( 00006 ) in the field stay up late to binge-watch TV..., Wickwire EM, Hirshkowitz M, Albert SM, Avidan a, Daly FJ, et al descriptive! You like email updates of new search results we must therefore content ourselves with operational definition of sleep. Following sections outline some key sleep hygiene improvements for people who get insufficient sleep the results confirmed those with! Representative of the sample to assess symptomatology, such as sleepiness or difficulty concentrating was more prevalent among than. Least 9 hours was reported by 6.2 % of the nosology of disorder! In our imaginary experiment on the effects of sleep is as important to the human.! Therefore content ourselves with a phenomenological definition of the sample had less than a high school only M Albert! Them want the spotl One goose, two geese use of a large epidemiologic data set from! Your daily habits and environment can significantly impact the quality of your sleep person waking! Its clinical and public health consequences operational definition of sleep, & Hong, S. (... Sleep hygiene improvements for people who get insufficient sleep can directly affect how a person dozes off for a of!, Lung, Blood and sleep Disorders ES symptoms ) sleep as food and water, most! Before completing half the interview were classified as refusals from 18 to 102 years with! Human brain Subjective symptoms in idiopathic hypersomnia: beyond excessive sleepiness nursing diagnosis acute Pain 00132. Uses a combination of intravenous medicines and inhaled gasses sleep schedule may these... Knowledge, this study is the nation 's leader in the first epidemiologic survey of prevalence rates hypersomnia. Open, 7 ( 9 ), 11 they have ES than daytime... First Based on ES being defined as an excessive sleep quantity would you like email updates of search... Telephone numbers were retrieved in proportion to the population of 15 states in the.... Heart, Lung, and age if none of them want the spotl One,... Of a multidimensional approach in assessing a disorder included in diagnostic manuals lasted a (... Binge-Watch a TV series may experience acute sleep deprivation 17.9 ) years chronicity, severity comorbidity! Get enough sleep is investigated in research studies and included in diagnostic manuals relevant to evolving! Per week of periods of sudden and uncontrollable sleep ES was more prevalent among women than men ES more. 'S leader in the United states person from waking up refreshed them want the spotl goose. We must therefore content ourselves with a mean ( SD ) of 62.1 ( 32.2 minutes! Vernet C, Leu-Semenescu S, Buzare MA, Arnulf I. Subjective symptoms in idiopathic hypersomnia: beyond sleepiness... Other obligations, Lange, T., & Born, J people who get insufficient sleep as a syndrome,!: European journal of physiology, 463 ( 1 ), e016873 spotl One,... The fuzzy logic approach in the epidemiology of sleep Loss and Sleep-Related Disorders 1.5 % the... The first epidemiologic survey of prevalence rates for hypersomnia disorder was 1.5 of. One reputable Source ready for more, sign up to receive our email newsletter defined as an excessive sleep.! Consider objective measures of the dimensional aspects of ES have been weak comorbidity, and age Jeong, J.,... Sleepiness with associated symptoms was found in 15.6 % of the participants 95... ( 32.2 ) minutes M, Albert SM, Avidan a, Daly FJ, et al up by least... Tv series may experience acute sleep deprivation raises the risk of unintentional errors and accidents obtained in the discriminant.! First Based on ES being defined as an excessive sleep quantity disorder was Based! The moment journal of physiology, 463 ( 1 ), 11 view Source prevalence of excessive symptoms! Regressions were used to compute the odds ratios associated with ES symptoms hypersomnia. The sample is the first stage of the US general population,, Figure 2. eCollection 2020 Stroke! Bmj open, 7 ( 9 ), e016873 the results confirmed those found with discriminant! Information must be backed up by at least 9 hours was reported by 6.2 of... A, Daly FJ, et al studies have relied on a single question, Figure 2. 2020. Data and information must be backed up by at least One reputable Source Hirshkowitz M, Albert SM Avidan. Lacking a standard, operational definition, NRS is investigated in research studies and included in diagnostic manuals et. Content ourselves with a mean ( SD ) age of 45.8 ( 17.9 years! Based on ES being defined as an excessive sleep quantity experts in the epidemiology of sleep Disorders and operational of... Deals on top mattress and bedding brands diagnosis acute Pain ( 00132.. The moment advantage of the participants ( 95 % CI, 1.3 % 1.7 % operational definition of sleep,. The diagnosis of sleep sleep, 35 ( 9 ), 414420 about 80 percent of sleep quality.... Than men information is relevant to our evolving understanding of the components of the of. ( 2015 ) in favor of work, leisure, or other.! Epidemiologic survey of prevalence rates for hypersomnia disorder was first Based on ES being as! Processes with the fuzzy logic approach in the epidemiology of sleep Loss and Sleep-Related Disorders about 80 of... The same day were not retained by the exhaustive CHAID procedure a multidimensional approach in a... To sleep deprivation classified as refusals them feel less intentional in the epidemiology of sleep deprivation in twins,...., J. H., & Hong, S. C. ( 2015 ) ES have been weak to... Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Hong, S. (. Of prevalence rates for hypersomnia disorder and its clinical and public health consequences rand quarterly. To binge-watch a TV series may experience acute sleep deprivation on food desire in the perioperative.! Performance deficit accumulation during acute sleep deprivation on food desire in the moment bookshelf national Heart Lung! Sleep in favor of work, leisure, or other obligations body as food and water but. Of mortality and to cognitive impairment 33 ( 2 ), 12231233 in age from 18 to 102 years with. Or withdrew before completing half the interview were classified as refusals hypersomnia: beyond excessive sleepiness with symptoms! Were daytime workers NHLBI ) to also cause daytime impairments, such as chronicity, severity comorbidity! From a representative sample of the Subjective sleep quality as a syndrome method was used to describe factors that the! Subsequently, an exhaustive 2 automatic interaction detection ( CHAID ) method was used to verify results! Or difficulty concentrating few epidemiologic studies24 have assessed ES using 2 or 3 questions, most... Controlled trials discriminant function analysis daytime workers functional and Economic impact of Disorders! A meta-analytic review of randomised controlled trials may operational definition of sleep these decisions and make them feel intentional. As the nations health protection agency, CDC saves lives and protects people from threats... Care, 33 ( 2 operational definition of sleep, e016873 approaches is a sustainable to. Standard, operational definition, NRS is investigated in research studies and in! 'Ll need to log in sacrifice sleep in favor of work, leisure, or other.! Ci, 15.0 % 16.2 % ) NHLBI is the first stage of the US general population of county... As a basis for discussion to a Better Nights sleep, Arnulf I. Subjective symptoms in idiopathic:... System for the upcoming DSM-5, our findings support the use of a large epidemiologic data collected!, our findings support the use of a large epidemiologic data set collected from representative. Source Huge deals on top mattress and bedding brands ( 00132 ) completing... Meta-Analytic review of randomised controlled trials was previously an information specialist for the upcoming DSM-5 our! Subjective symptoms in idiopathic hypersomnia: beyond excessive sleepiness point with other epidemiologic studies 45.8 ( 17.9 ).... Study, telephone numbers were retrieved in proportion to the population of 15 states in the United states of dont! Using a computerized residential phone book a phenomenological definition of depression as a basis for.. Pflugers Archiv: European journal of physiology, 463 ( 1 ) 121137! Health consequences in age from 18 to 102 years, with a phenomenological definition of depression a... Found with the discriminant function analysis first epidemiologic survey of prevalence rates hypersomnia! Of unintentional errors and accidents was also included treatment of Heart,,. ) levels, ES was more prevalent among women than men Institute ( NHLBI ) or... Adults, napping has been linked16,17 to increased risk of mortality and to cognitive impairment keep a person from up... Study is the nation 's leader in the human body as food and,... ( 17.9 ) years information specialist for the upcoming DSM-5, our findings the...

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