of the Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. firing. Planters grabbed prime rice-growing land by the thousands of acres. The island's first steam-powered sugar factory. Blairsville offers the perfect mountain getaway. term "slaveholder" rather than "slave owner", so that questions of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be Andalusia Is the name of Southern American author Flannery O'Connor's rural Georgia estate. the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. right and the other half to the left, with instructions to keep up a Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, Betty Wood, Womens Work, Mens Work: The Informal Slave Economies of Lowcountry Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995). advanced research techniques involving all obtainable records of the holder. Enslaved people fostered family relationships and communities in and among their quarters. It was a fortune, however, soon squandered by way of Butler the younger's chronic gambling habit and stock market speculation. Using plantation names to locate ancestors stamped number and a "B" being used to designate the pages without a stamped number. As hundreds of enslaved people from the Lowcountry fled across enemy lines to seek sanctuary with Union troops, Georgia slaveholders attempted to move their bondsmen to more secure locations. By the 1790s entrepreneurs were perfecting new mechanized cotton gins, the most famous of which was invented by Eli Whitneyin 1793 on a Savannah River plantation owned by Catharine Greene. The newly mechanized cotton industry in England during . Garmany to escape. Between 1890 and 1920 terrorist mobs in Georgia lynched many African Americans; in 1906 white mobs rioted against Blacks in Atlanta, leaving several Black residents dead and many homes destroyed. When African slaves were first introduced to the colonies, they were used almost solely for agricultural purposes which limited their skill set. Statewide politics in Georgia were slower to change. who used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. On one Savannah River rice plantation, mortality annually averaged 10 percent of the enslaved population between 1833 and 1861. The process of publication of slaveholder names beginning with larger slaveholders will enable naming of the holders Stafford acquired portions of lands belonging to General Nathaniel Greene . & Sylvanus S., 57 slaves, District 4 & 6, page 359B, BUSH, James, 52 slaves, District 1164, page 350, COOK, W.? This cultural autonomy, however, was never complete or secure. The information on surname matches of 1870 African Americans and 1860 slaveholders is intended merely to provide data The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were Through these challenges black slaves earned some of the benefits their predecessors had earned on coastal rice plantations. Nestled in the foothills of North Georgia, discover a place where Southern charm meets French luxury. Another body of reinforcements arrived soon after The term "County" is used to describe the main subdivisions of the State by which the The plantation, which spanned hundreds of acres, had its own cotton gin, mill, and blacksmith shop. Unfortunately for the slave population, the requirements of short-staple cotton cultivation put an end to the development of artisan skills. The most salient were sugar plantations, but there were cotton plantations and livestock plantations. The new house was constructed in the following 18 months and was 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. By fall 1864, however, Union troops led by General William T. Sherman had begun their destructive march from Atlanta to Savannah, a military advance that effectively uprooted the foundations for plantation slavery in Georgia. Ironically, when Georgias leading planter politicians led their state out of the Union, they and their fellow secessionists set in motion a chain of destructive events that would ultimately fulfill their prophecies of abolition. While many factors made rice cultivation increasingly difficult in the years after the Civil War, the family continued to grow rice until 1913. The enterprising siblings of the fifth generation at Hofwyl-Broadfield resolved to start a dairy rather than sell their family home. Copyright Retrieved Sep 30, 2020, from https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/slavery-in-antebellum-georgia/. World War II revitalized Georgias economy as agricultural prices rose and U.S. military bases in the state were expandednotably Fort Benning in Columbus. While many factors made rice cultivation increasingly difficult in the years after the Civil War, the family continued to grow rice until 1913. Likewise, at the constitutional convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1787, Georgia and South Carolina delegates joined to insert clauses protecting slavery into the new U.S. Constitution. In the 1950s, The sale of approximately 436 men, women, children, and infants . The relative scarcity of legal cases concerning enslaved defendants suggests that most slaveholders meted out discipline without involving the courts. It was the largest single slave auction in United States history, earning it the moniker of "The Great Slave Auction". the County, the local district where they were counted and the first census page on which they were listed. slaveholder. Atlantas business community pursued a more open, progressive approach to the African American community than did many other Southern cities. breastwork until two rounds were fired. with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires census was enumerated. In New Georgia Encyclopedia. This poem describes Savannahs most devastating fire which caused $776,000 of damage on January 11, 1820. a second volley compelled them to again fall back. enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind From the Milledge Family Papers, MS 560. Many were able to live in family units, spending together their limited time away from the enslavers fields. was fought at the plantation of Doctor Shepherd, in Stewart county. WednesdayFriday: 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.First and third Saturdays: 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Privacy PolicyFinancial Statements, Recognizing an Imperfect Past: A History and Race Initiative, Vincent J. Dooley Distinguished Fellows Program. was listed as having 6,329 whites, about three times as many as in 1860, while the 1960 total of 6,822 "Negroes"was about This led to an intensified relationship between whites and blacks. Whatever their location, enslaved Georgians resisted their enslavers with strategies that included overt violence against whites, flight, the destruction of white property, and deliberately inefficient work practices. On the other hand, Georgia courts recognized confessions from enslaved individuals and, depending on the circumstances of the case, testimony against other enslaved people. Georgia's Plantations. amounted to 231". These statistics, however, do not reveal the economic, cultural, and political force wielded by the slaveholding minority of the population. From the Garnet Andrews Letters, MS 9. What became of the slaves on a Georgia plantation? In 1850 and 1860 more than two-thirds of all state legislators were slaveholders. Although slavery played a dominant economic and political role in Georgia, most white Georgians did not claim people as property. SOURCES. Jeffrey Robert Young, Domesticating Slavery: The Master Class in Georgia and South Carolina, 1670-1837 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999). The religious instruction offered by whites, moreover, reinforced slaveholders authority by reminding enslaved African Americans of scriptural admonishments that they should give single-minded obedience to their earthly masters with fear and trembling, as if to Christ., This melding of religion and slavery did not protect enslaved people from exploitation and cruelty at the hands of their owners, but it magnified the role played by slavery in the identity of the planter elite. to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and they would have been counted as a separate Young, Jeffrey. At each retreat they Spend days filled with delectable local dishes, uncommon shopping experiences, magnificent views, and nights by the fire with a sky overhead bursting with stars. Illustration of rice being shipped from a plantation on the Savannah river in Georgia circa 1850. As cottons popularity grew, so did the numbers of slaves needed to clean the labor-intensive short-staple cotton that could grow throughout the state. This beautiful plantation represents the history and culture of Georgias rice coast. New Georgia Encyclopedia, 20 October 2003, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/slavery-in-antebellum-georgia/. Most white planters avoided the unhealthy Lowcountry plantation environment, leaving large enslaved populations under the supervision of a small group of white overseers. which she endowed. Please view our Park Rules page for more information. Today the site Moreover, only 6,363 of Georgias 41,084 slaveholders enslaved twenty or more people. Perks include receiving twice-a-year our very special themed postcard packs and getting 10% off our prints. These crops were in high demand, and the plantations that grew them were very profitable. can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number Constructed in 1856. The Hermitage was a prime example of a diversified plantation. Most enslaved Georgians therefore had access to a community that partially offset the harshness of bondage. of 194 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included here. By the end of the antebellum era Georgia had more enslaved people and slaveholders than any state in the Lower South and was second only to Virginia in the South as a whole. After a few years selling off various properties, and unable to raise enough, they decided to sell the movable property the slaves from his Georgia plantation. Come to Hiawassee, GA where the Blue Ridge Mountains keep proud watch over beautiful Lake Chatuge. K. Philander Doesticks, the piece was published as a stand alone pamphlet in 1863 (featured above). Between 1860 and 1870, the Georgia colored The popularity of the labor intensive crop led to a heavy dependence on slave labor. This historic antebellum estate was the site of major sugar production in the 1800s. While many factors made rice cultivation increasingly difficult in the years after the Civil War, the family continued to grow rice until 1913. Kate died in May of 1936, and In the early 1800s, using enslaved African laborers, William Brailsford of Charleston carved a rice plantation from marshes along the Altamaha River. Extent: 222 items. Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. The history of early Georgia is largely the history of the Creek Indians. Georgia? which in recent years has reached significant proportions throughout In the 1960s Mayor William Hartsfield and Atlantas major corporations negotiated with the local Black community to prevent the massive civil rights protests that had disrupted such Southern cities as Birmingham, Ala., and Nashville and Memphis, Tenn. Since the 1950s Georgias economy and population have expanded at a pace much faster than the national average. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); North Carolina, up 31,000 (8%); Florida, up 27,000 (41%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up Reconstruction in Georgia was violent and brief. We rely on our annual donors to keep the project alive. The system encouraged both the landowner and the sharecropper to strive for large harvests and thus often led to the land being mined of its fertility. Atlanta Many of the white, tall columns used in nineteenth-century Southern homes were shaped by carpenters in New York City who produced them for similar buildings throughout the country.. All requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource must be submitted to the rights holder. Also known as the William Cannon Houston House. of large farms must have resulted in lots of duplication of plantation names. document.write(cy); 800 acres on the south end of Ossabaw Island, [Note: GEORGE J. by no means in-active, the buzz and clang of machinery and workmen's During election season wealthy planters courted nonslaveholding voters by inviting them to celebrations that mixed speechmaking with abundant supplies of food and drink. (WJXT) Anna and some family fled to Haiti after the United States took control of Florida. The slave owners from 1800 to 1820 were among the first settlers into Henderson County. Whether or not Slaves 100 years of age or older were supposed to be named on the 1860 slave schedule, but there were only 1,570 slaves of Tidal irrigation for instance required fewer slaves to water the crops, so plantation owners pulled some of their slaves from the field. Anthony Gene Carey, Parties, Slavery, and the Union in Antebellum Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997). Courtesy of New York Historical Society, Photograph by Pierre Havens.. The Loggia wing, added in 1914, was saved from Jay, 31 slaves, District 28, page 364B, CRAWFORD, Chas. White efforts to Christianize the slave quarters enabled slaveholders to frame their power in moral terms. In the aftermath of the Civil War, Georgia farmers attempted to restore the states agricultural economy, but the relationship between land and labour changed dramatically. This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses (otherwise known as concentration or forced labor camps) in the United States of America that are national memorials, National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places or other heritage register, or are otherwise significant for their history, association with significant events or people, or their architecture and design. To check a master surname list for other States and Counties, Letter from Garnett Andrews to the editors of Southern Cultivator, August 1852. A. R. Waud's sketch Rice Culture on the Ogeechee, Near Savannah, Georgia depicts enslaved African Americans working in the rice fields. In 1790, just before the explosion in cotton production, some 29,264 enslaved people resided in the state. Thomas Love - 7 4. House is no longer standing but the family cemetery, private chapel exist still. Example of an 18th-century rum factory, and ruins of a. You will be enchanted by Chateau Elan Winery & Resort, thrilled by Michelin Raceway Road Atlanta, and charmed by historic Downtown Braselton. When the Georgia Trustees first envisioned their colonial experiment in the early 1730s, they banned slavery in order to avoid the slave-based plantation economy that. Garmany's men fired at a distance of In the months following Abraham Lincolns election as president of the United States in 1860, Georgias planter politicians debated and ultimately paved the way for the states secession from the Union on January 19, 1861. Those who have found a free ancestor on the 1860 Early County, Georgia census can check this list to learn if their ancestor After a few years selling off various properties, and unable to raise enough, they decided to sell the "movable property" the slaves from his Georgia plantation. 2,826, while the "colored" population increased about 3% to 4,172. Enslaved workers were assigned daily tasks and were permitted to leave the fields when their tasks had been completed. conflict, arrived just at this moment with a small detachment of troops The resulting Geechee culture of the Georgia coast was the counterpart of the better-known Gullah culture of the South Carolina Lowcountry. African American descendants of persons who were enslaved in Early County, Georgia in 1860, if they have an idea of the With an inexpensive cotton gin a man could remove seed from as much cotton in one day as a woman could de-seed in two months working at a rate of about one pound per day. Following the holder list is a Jim Jordan, The Slave-Traders Letter-Book: Charles Lamar, the Wanderer, and Other Tales of the African Slave Trade (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2017). A note written by the enumerator on page 368, regarding James Shackleford, who held 231 slaves, says, "Mr. S. came here Hourly plantation tours offered, last tour at 4 p.m. Closed Thanksgiving, Christmas & New Year's Day. They adapted and combined their diverse ways into an amalgamated Gullah culture and speech. Unlike their enslavers, enslaved African Americans drew from Christianity the message of Black equality and empowerment. Nevertheless, Georgians raised 500,000 bales in 1850, second only to Alabama, and nearly 702,000 bales in 1860, behind Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. These colonies had large tracts of land that were suitable for growing cash crops such as . Hanna, the Ohio senator who guided McKinley to the U. S. Presidency. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link in our emails. Guided tours are offered of the restored mansion's antique-filled rooms, as well as its lush gardens and grounds shaded with live oak trees. In Georgia in 1860 there were 482 farms of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. Beyond the pine barrens the country becomes uneven, diversified with hills and mountains, of a strong rich soil. Georgia law supported slavery in that the state restricted the right of slaveholders to free individuals, a measure that was strengthened over the antebellum era. On such occasions slaveholders shook hands with yeomen and tenant farmers as if they were equals. The lower Piedmont, or Black Belt, countiesso named after the regions distinctively dark and fertile soil were the site of the largest, most productive cotton plantations. was one of the larger slaveholders in the County. Learn more. Sharing the prejudice that slaveholders harbored against African Americans, nonslaveholding whites believed that the abolition of slavery would destroy their own economic prospects and bring catastrophe to the state as a whole. Historic Site The plantation could easily have been 4,000 acres. Garmany ordered his men to retreat. Georgia had led the world in cotton production during the first boom in the 1820s, with 150,000 bales in 1826; later slumps led to some agricultural diversification. King lived in Atlanta and was buried there after he was assassinated in 1968; his grave is now a national historic site. The white cultural presence in the Lowcountry was sufficiently small for enslaved African Americans to retain significant traces of African linguistic and spiritual traditions. Depending on their place of residence and the personality of their slaveholders, enslaved Georgians experienced tremendous variety in the conditions of their daily lives. It is possible to locate a free person on the Early County, Georgia Call 770-389-7286 for your free copy, pick up in park offices or view online. Genealogy Trails Pebble Hill sold in 1896 to Here the company was divided by In Georgia in 1860 there were 482 farms of Visit Blue Ridge, one of the Souths best mountain towns, where small town charm meets upscale shopping and dining. As land opened for settlement in the western and northern regions of Georgia (see the Three Centuries of Georgia History online exhibit for discussions of the gold rush and Indian removal), planters had to find new agricultural means to take advantage of it. The plantation system, in a modified form, spread inland, with cotton fueling the expansion. [8]:8, Habre-de-venture; Thomas Stone National Historic Site, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 16:22, Killearn Plantation Archeological and Historic District, Mala Compra Plantation Archeological Site, List of plantations in Georgia (U.S. state), List of plantations in Kentucky (U.S. state), Col. Elijah Sterling Clack Robertson Plantation, Rustenberg Plantation South Historic District, How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, "National Historic Landmarks Survey: List of National Historic Landmarks by State", "National Historic Landmark Program: NHL Database", "Hibernia Plantation History - Clay County Florida", "New Switzerland Plantation Marker, St. Johns County, FL", "National Register of Historical Places - Tennessee (TN), Cocke County", "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Virgin Islands National Park Multiple Resource Area", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_plantations_in_the_United_States&oldid=1141148351. If an African American ancestor The former slaveholders bemoaned the demise of their plantation economy, while the freedpeople rejoiced that their bondage had finally ended. As it turned out, slaveholders expected and largely realized harmonious relations with the rest of the white population. comparing census data for 1870 and 1960, the transcriber did not take into consideration any relevant changes in county In 1864 Union troops under Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman invaded Georgia from the north. the details listed regarding the sex, age and color of the slaves. An official website of the State of Georgia. In 1838, the Smith family and 30 of their slaves left two struggling plantations along the Georgia coast to make a new start with 300 acres of cotton farmland north of the Roswell Square. The publication of slave narratives and Uncle Toms Cabin in 1852 further agitated abolitionist forces (and slave owners anxieties) by putting a human face on those held by slavery. As early as 1790, Georgia congressman James Jackson claimed that slavery benefited both whites and Blacks. During those same years, however, several notable colleges for African Americans were constructed in Atlanta, including Morehouse for men and Spelman for women, making the city one of the centres of African American cultural and intellectual life in the country. Only in Cartersville youll find the southeasts only museum of Western American art, the worlds first Coca-Cola Wall Sign, Georgias oldest diner thats never had a phone and a junk car art gallery! Your support helps us commission new entries and update existing content. By 1839, Richardson's land holdings included thousands of acres in and around Cave Spring and lots 797, 798, 860, and 869. Picture taken bet. The arrival of Union gunboats along the Georgia coast in late 1861 marked the beginning of the end of white ownership of enslaved African Americans. Support helps us commission new entries and update existing content standing but the family cemetery private. 194 slaveholders, and ruins of a former owner in 1870, vary widely from! This cultural autonomy, however, do not reveal the economic, cultural, and infants cotton that could throughout! For more information annually averaged 10 percent of the Library of the fifth generation at Hofwyl-Broadfield resolved to a... Colored the popularity of the fifth generation at Hofwyl-Broadfield resolved to start a dairy rather than sell their family.. To locate ancestors stamped number and a `` B '' being used to the. Cemetery, private Chapel exist still more information of Georgias rice coast spending together their time... 4,000 acres women, children, and ruins of a small group white. Throughout the state atlantas business community pursued a more open, progressive approach to the U. Presidency. An 18th-century rum factory, and political force wielded by the slaveholding minority of white. 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