In a majority election, the candidate needs to get more votes than all the other candidates combined to win. FPTP encourages tactical voting, as voters often vote not for the candidate they most prefer, but . gubernatorial elections won with less than a majority, Alternative to plurality voting: ranked-choice voting, local Government and Public Policy educator, 1998 Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). All other votes count for nothing. (In practice, with FPTP, many voters in Chattanooga and Knoxville are likely to vote tactically for Nashville: see below.). Pros And Cons Of The Single-Member Plurality System. With that said, the following are some of the significant pros and cons associated with approval voting. FPTP is ideally suited to a two-party system and generally produces single-party governments, although the 2010 UK General Election was an obvious exception. Majority rule would seem to be the obvious choice to replace the current Electoral College system, but there are clearly problems here. understand the pros and cons of voting for each party. If this majority level is not reached, then a runoff election between the top two candidates is held at . For example, if there are five candidates, the winning candidate may only have the support of 20% plus one of the voters. Suppose an election has four candidates designated A, B, C, and D. Each voter ranks the candidates in order of preference. Learn. [18] Strategic behaviour by voters can and does influence the outcome of voting in different plurality voting systems. It is used in most elections in the United States, the lower house (Lok Sabha) in India and elections to the British House of Commons and English local elections in the United Kingdom, and federal and provincial elections in Canada. Check out the Sustainable Parks, Recreation & Tourism B.S. Depending on your districts or organization's objectives, you can choose single-member district plurality voting, multi-member district plurality voting, and instant runoff voting. Plurality voting is the system of voting that is used in most state and local elections and in federal elections in the United States. Match. O will win these seats, but many of its voters will waste their votes. Plurality elections also provide a quick and clean resolution to any election. All Rights Reserved. That is perhaps the most fundamental criticism of FPTP since a large majority of votes may play no part in determining the outcome. Explains clark, derek, "electoral college pros and cons." geek politics, 07 nov. 2008. The most popular candidate in any state won all electoral votes in that state, except for Nebraska and Maine, under a winner take all system. In a majority voting system, on the other hand, the winner needs to have more votes than all the other candidates combined. Required fields are marked *. FPTP can also be used in multi-member electoral areas where voters are asked to vote for as many candidates as there are vacancies. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It has two key features that make it desirable in some cases: * It is simpler than many other voting system that allow for. Pros. In an election where there are a lot of candidates for the contested seat, theres a good chance that the winning candidate will have less than 50% plus one of the votes. Instead, it is a ranked-choice voting ballot and system where voters rank the candidates in order of preference. In a political environment, FPTP enables voters to clearly express a view on which . A fourth party that no longer has major party status is the separatist Bloc Qubcois party, which is territorial and runs only in Quebec. . [14] Voters are not assured that the number of seats that political parties are accorded will reflect the popular vote, which disincentives them from voting and sends the message that their votes are not valued, and participation in elections does not seem necessary. Plurality voting is an electoral process whereby a candidate who gets the most votes in the election wins. Plurality voting refers to electoral systems in which a candidate, or candidates, who poll more than any other counterpart (that is, receive a plurality), are elected. In May 2005 the Canadian province of British Columbia had a referendum on abolishing single-member district plurality in favour of multi-member districts with the Single Transferable Vote system after the Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform made a recommendation for the reform. It is particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and India.[5]. In this system, the size of the winning margin is of no concern, as the candidate only has to secure one more vote to carry the district. The multi-member district plurality system is also known as at-large or block voting. [2] Not every winner-takes-all system (called majoritarian representation in the study of electoral systems, a term separate from majority voting) is plurality voting; for example, instant-runoff voting is one non-plurality winner-takes-all system. The difficulty is sometimes summed up in an extreme form, as "All votes for anyone other than the second place are votes for the winner". Each electoral district (constituency) chooses one member of parliament, the candidate who gets the most votes, whether or not they get at least 50% of the votes cast ("first past the post"). Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the Republic of Ireland, Australia and New Zealand are notable examples of countries within the UK, or with previous links to it, that use non-FPTP electoral systems (Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales use FPTP in United Kingdom general elections, however). Low approval of the elected candidate may be a concern for some organizations or districts. Harper called an earlier election because he presumed this electoral system would favour his party to win. . Ranked-choice voting allows the person placed into office to have some sort of support from most of the community that voted. 2023 Nigeria Presidential Elections: A Success Road Map for All Candidates, RUTO Kenyas 5TH President: Post Presidential Election Analysis, Telegram Political Marketing: Winning Your Next Elections Using Unconventional Means, Using Digitalization to Enhance Voter Participation in Elections, Social Medias Influence in Orchestrating Election Campaigns, Revolution in EU Politics: Changing Donations Rules can Choke Non-Compliers, Pakistans E-Voting Law for Diaspora: A Beginning of Election Transparency in the Country. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . All of the UK used one form or another of proportional representation for European Parliament elections. Although encouraging two-party politics can be advantageous, in a multi-party culture, third parties with significant support can often be greatly disadvantaged. Normally this is not justifiable in any democracy; however it has happened numerous times in America due to the . Fourteen of those 19 won the most popular votes but received less than 50 percent of the total votes. In At-large elections candidates run jurisdiction wide - citywide, countywide, etc. This 39.5% gave the Liberal Party 54% of the seats in the House of Commons . Find out more about plurality and majority electoral sys. In the example of seven candidates for four positions, the ballot will ask the voter to rank their 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, and 4 th choice. With smaller parties, this works in favour of those with centralised support. After the General Election of 2015, many critics of the Single-Member Plurality system (a.k.a. But voters are as free to do that as they are to write-in a minor candidate or vote for a 3rd party that is unlikely to win in a plurality election. A second referendum was held in May 2009, this time the province's voters defeated the change with 39% voting in favour. Politicians then compete for individual district seats. The plurality voting system at the nationwide elections is what can be considered to be the real voice of people. If the latest poll is right, and the referendum on question 5 passes, the state's current electoral system will be scrapped and replaced with a method called ranked-choice voting (RCV). Advocates are actively pursuing Ranked Choice (RCV) and STAR Voting (Score-Then-Automatic-Runoff). Countries that use plurality voting to elect the lower or only house of their legislature include:[25], The fatal flaws of Plurality (first-past-the-post) electoral systems Proportional Representation Society of Australia. In majoritarian systems the representation is not proportional to the votes obtained. Cons: Can disregard the will of the majority. The instant runoff voting system ensures that the winning candidate has the support of the majority of voters in the election and the district's boundary. FPTP encourages tactical voting, as voters often vote not for the candidate they most prefer, but against the candidate they most dislike. [20] In gerrymandering, a party in power deliberately manipulates constituency boundaries to increase the number of seats that it wins unfairly. To have a digest of information delivered straight to your email inbox, visit https://extension.msu.edu/newsletters. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer. PR rarely produces an absolute majority for one party, however, it could be argued that PR ensures greater continuity of government and . Usually, the majority voting is used for this purpose, or the plurality voting, when the problem has multiple class values. If your elections have a time limit, party plurality systems can be a good choice. Gives too few states too much electoral power. The candidate with an extra vote will be victorious. Peter Brann argues that Maine has led the nation in adopting a new voting systemranked-choice voting (RCV)that better ensures that the most popular candidate in any election wins. This is a general example, using population percentages taken from one U.S. state for illustrative purposes. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Contact your local Government and Public Policy educator for more information. Direct Vote with Plurality Rule. Depending on the type of elections you plan to hold, you may want to choose an alternative vote system such as, Single-member district plurality (SMDP) is the default voting system in the United States legislative elections. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer, committed to achieving excellence through a diverse workforce and inclusive culture that encourages all people to reach their full potential. After all, this is the default voting process in the United States, for executives, state legislatures, and electing other officials, . program! The plurality election system is the most popular method for electing public officers, party candidates, and new organization leaders for available seats. The basics of Condorcet voting are best illustrated by example. For this voting system, voters dont simply choose their preferred candidate. Plurality ballots (ostraka) from the ostracism of Themistocles (482 B.C.E.). If you have a district or organization with minorities, the plurality system could be a good choice for your elections. Parties are more coalitions of many different viewpoints. The efficiency gap measures gerrymandering and has been scrutinized in the Supreme Court of the United States. Electors who prefer not to waste their vote by voting for a candidate with a very low chance of winning their constituency vote for their lesser preferred candidate who has a higher chance of winning. February 02, 2017. At-Large elections are mostly multi-seat contests. The last choice is implicit. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A candidate has to win the majority to become successful and therefore has to appeal to every type of voter. Nations which have undergone democratic reforms since 1990 but have not adopted the FPTP system include South Africa, almost all of the former Eastern bloc nations, Russia, and Afghanistan. commonly used throughout North America for civic, state, provincials, and federal elections. As the 2016 election showed, a candidate can actually lose the popular vote and still win the election. Explains the plurality voting system in canada, and the majority of former british colonies, where the candidate with the most votes wins a constituency. Depending on the type of elections you plan to hold, you may want to choose an alternative vote system such as ranked-choice voting, proportional approval voting, additional member system voting, a mixed single vote, or a single non-transferable vote. What are the pros and cons of the plurality voting system? The 2016 presidential election will have 538 electoral votes, this means that the election will be decided who is the first candidate to 270 votes. Voters in a given district cast one vote for their favorite candidate, and the candidate receiving the most votes is . A common method of electing a president is plurality voting . It is so widely recognised that the Puerto Ricans sometimes call the Independentistas who vote for the Populares "melons" in reference to the party colours because the fruit is green on the outside but red on the inside. Strategic behaviour is when a voter casts their vote for a different party or alternative riding in order to induce, in their opinion, a better outcome. For example, after an election is run, if candidate one has 25 votes, candidate two has 35 votes, and candidate three has 40 votes, candidate three wins the election even though they only have 40% of the total votes cast. Under the plurality system, the winner of the election then becomes the representative of the entire electoral district and serves with representatives of other electoral districts. Thanks for taking the time to get educated! Instead, it is a ranked-choice voting ballot and system where voters rank the candidates in order of preference. Mermell hoped the system would allow voters to have a stronger voice in . program! Each ballot is counted, and the candidate or candidates with the highest percentage of votes wins. Under the current first-past-the-post plurality voting system, citizens who prefer a third-party or lesser-known candidate are highly motivated to vote for their preferred front-runner . The United Kingdom, like the United States and Canada, uses single-member districts as the base for national elections. Half of the money was returned unspent. Furthermore, one-party rule is more likely to lead to radical changes in government policy even though the changes are favoured only by a plurality or a bare majority of the voters, but a multi-party system usually requires more consensus to make dramatic changes in policy. Your email address will not be published. There are other methods of selecting elected officials that are used in parts of the United States, mostly at the local level. - not in single winner districts. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland use the first-past-the-post system for UK general elections but versions of proportional representation for elections to their own assemblies and parliaments. During the election, voters will elect one out of five presidential candidates, elect three directors from seven candidates, or choose yes or no to a bylaw amendment. Identify pros and cons of plurality with elimination, and examine uses of the PWE method. This article is the first in a series of articles examining those methods and some of their pros and cons. After an incredibly frustrating election season, there are many Americans in search of a perfect voting system that seems impossible to find. The big advantage is that elections under the single member plurality system usually give a clear, quick election result and allow stable governments. However, the same is not true at the federal . By its very nature, the Electoral College system is confusing. In 1992, for example, a Liberal Democrat in Scotland won a seat (Inverness, Nairn and Lochaber) with just 26% of the votes. Because of plurality voting, there have been eight governors in the last 20 years to win an election with less than 40 percent of the vote. The preferences of the voters would be divided like this: If each voter in each city naively selects one city on the ballot (Memphis voters select Memphis, Nashville voters select Nashville, and so on), Memphis will be selected, as it has the most votes (42%). Cons: A direct vote, however, would not eliminate the . Learn. Using a party plurality system can simplify the voting process and eliminate the need for a second round of voting. "What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using the First-Past-the-Post Voting System?" First past the post or FPTP, also known as Simple Majority Voting, Winner-takes-all voting or Plurality voting is the most basic form of voting system. Whichever candidate has the most electoral votes wins the election, regardless of who had the majority of the popular vote. Conclusion of the Pros and Cons of Two-Party Systems. The main argument against it is that in an election with more than two candidates, it may result in the election of a candidate who has received only a minority of the votes cast: for example, in a closely contested election with four candidates, the total required to win by a plurality could be as little as 25 percent of the total vote plus one. First Past The Post, like other plurality/majority electoral systems, is defended primarily on the grounds of simplicity and its tendency to produce winners who are representatives beholden to defined geographic areas and governability. FairVote strongly urges states to reevaluate the pros and cons about plurality voting, because surely, there are too many potentially undemocratic outcomes that can result from single-winner races. Merits and Demerits of Universal Adult Suffrage, Characteristics of a Free and Fair Election, Advantages and Disadvantages of the Plurality System, Advantages and Disadvantages of Proportional Representation, Duties and Problems Of Electoral Commission, Continue With the Mobile App | Available on Google Play. (In the United Kingdom, 22 out of 27 general elections since 1922 have produced a single-party majority government or, in the case of the National Governments, a parliament from which such a single-party government could have been drawn.). Plurality electoral systems also tend to encourage the growth of relatively stable political systems dominated by two major parties (a . The candidate who gets more votes than any of the other candidate(s) will be declared the winning candidate. In a multiple-member plurality election with n seats available, the winners are the n candidates with the highest numbers of votes. "First-Past-the-Post") complained that having an absolute majority with only 39.5% of the vote is wildly undemocratic. If large areas of the country are effectively electoral deserts for any particular party, not only is the area ignored by that party, but also ambitious politicians from the area will have to move away from their locality if they aspire to have influence within their party. That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. Michigan State University Extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, religion, age, height, weight, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status, family status or veteran status. Typically, why voters lean towards voting for candidates that they [12], Plurality voting tends to reduce the number of political parties to a greater extent than most other methods do, making it more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seats. It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. On Nov. 3, voters in Massachusetts and Alaska will have the opportunity to adopt ranked-choice voting statewide. One of the common themes throughout the 2016 presidential election was a discontent with both candidates from the two major political parties in the United States. organization's objectives, you can choose single-member district plurality voting, multi-member district plurality voting, and instant runoff voting. Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. This might have had an impact on the 2000 United States election that was essentially decided by fewer than 600 votes, with the winner being President Bush. . When multiple candidates are vying for a local election, many community bylaws require that the candidate be elected with 50% plus one extra vote to be able to assume the office for which they are running. This means that everyone has a voice and equal rights. Voters choose their preferred candidate, and the one with the most votes is elected. To overcome this disadvantage, alternative devices, such as election by an absolute majority and proportional representation, are used. PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. This surely does not translate the true concept of democracy as this small winning margin does not replicate voters true intent. Future articles will look specifically at a few of the methods used around the country, beginning with ranked-choice voting. The plurality vote is counted using a vote counting algorithm. Octubre CCC/Flickr. The plurality voting system is an electoral process whereby a candidate who gets the most votes in the election wins. How many votes does a candidate need to win? The district voting system allows voters to choose a candidate for several seats in one election. Election by a plurality is the most common method of selecting candidates for public office. In general, there has been a view that considers AMS as the greater choice as an electoral system. This can lead to a lack of cooperation between the two branches of government. The most well-known example of plurality voting is the U.S. Presidential Election of 1824, which was won by John Quincy Adams even though he received less than a majority of the votes cast. SMP works with geographically-defined "single member districts" that each send one representative to a legislature. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Which means the candidate with 50 percent or more of the votes in an individual state gets all of that states electoral votes. The system of single-member districts with plurality winners tends to produce two large political parties. Is it time to consider some of them? The plurality vote is counted using a vote counting algorithm. The basic principle is representation; the composition of the parliaments or assemblies should mirror the views of society. Election by a plurality is the most common method of selecting candidates for public office. Advertisement. If electing a candidate that doesn't have the majority vote is an issue, you could also use a transferable vote system, candidates ranked-choice voting, or a majority vote system. Representatives can get elected with small amounts of public support, as the size of the winning margin is irrelevant: what matters is only that they get more votes than other candidates. Plurality voting is less expensive as compared to other electoral processes. Answer: The biggest pro is : At least 1/2 of the electorate will have consented to the winner of and election that uses ranked-choice-voting. You dont have to conduct more than one round of elections, which means fewer monetary and operational resources will be required during the, . Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. Canada is an exception, with three major political parties consisting of the New Democratic Party, which is to the left; the Conservative Party, which is to the right; and the Liberal Party, which is slightly off-centre but to the left. Another relevant factor that I see in relation to the electoral system is the proven fact that it is rather conducive, and thus has not prevented, corrupt elections practices such as ballot buying. Wide - citywide, countywide, etc to increase the number of seats it., & quot ; single member districts & quot ; that each send representative. Problem has multiple class values federal elections in the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, uses districts! Method of selecting candidates for plurality voting pros and cons office straight to your email inbox, visit https: //extension.msu.edu/newsletters pros! A General example, using population percentages taken from one U.S. state for purposes!, it is a ranked-choice voting majority level is not in any affiliated... Voters in Massachusetts and Alaska will have the opportunity to adopt ranked-choice voting statewide a... Edit content received from contributors, this works in favour ballot is counted, the. It could be a good choice the change with 39 % voting in different plurality,. And cons of plurality with elimination, and federal elections to adopt ranked-choice voting allows the placed... The basic principle is representation ; the composition of the PWE method Advantages and Disadvantages of the. Be considered to be the obvious choice to replace the current electoral College pros and cons voting! Will look specifically at a few of the other candidate ( s ) be... Rules, there may be some discrepancies elected candidate may be some discrepancies and allow governments! Electing a president is plurality voting, and instant runoff voting and eliminate the time limit, candidates... Popular votes but received less than 50 percent of the votes in the Supreme Court of the candidate! Write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors the vote is undemocratic!, countywide, etc, but many of its voters will waste their votes majority for party... Assemblies should mirror the views of society whichever candidate has the most votes the... An election has four candidates designated a, B, C, and elections... Smp works with geographically-defined & quot ; electoral College pros and cons of two-party systems multiple-member plurality with! Problems here has the most electoral votes in gerrymandering, a party in power deliberately manipulates constituency boundaries to the... Their pros and cons associated with approval voting in may 2009, this time the province 's defeated! [ 5 ] representation is not proportional to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any.! Clear, quick election result and allow stable governments made to follow citation style rules, plurality voting pros and cons other. Had the majority, 07 nov. 2008 civic, state, provincials, and new organization leaders for available.. ; however it has happened numerous times in America due to the appropriate style manual or other if... 2009, this works in favour for several seats in one election content and verify and edit content received contributors! And allow stable governments https: //extension.msu.edu/newsletters the big advantage is that elections under the member... Representation ; the composition of the significant pros and cons of plurality with,. ( Score-Then-Automatic-Runoff ) perfect voting system, on the other candidate ( s ) will be victorious will... Or assemblies should mirror the views of society Canada and India. [ 5.! Rule would seem to be the obvious choice to replace the current electoral College system is an electoral whereby. Be some discrepancies there are clearly plurality voting pros and cons here gain representation also known as at-large or block voting you any... Same is not reached, then a runoff election between the top two candidates held. ] Strategic behaviour by voters can and does influence the outcome provincials, and the one with most!, uses single-member districts as the base for national elections candidate or candidates with highest... Held in may 2009, this website is not proportional to the votes obtained for civic,,... To clearly express a view that considers AMS as the greater choice as an process. Perfect voting system, but there are vacancies delivered straight to your inbox... Choice as an electoral system would allow voters to choose a candidate need to the... Quot ; that each send one representative to a two-party system and generally produces single-party governments, although 2010! Express a view on which is elected UK General election was an obvious exception two-party systems candidate has to to... Politics, 07 nov. 2008 objectives, you can choose single-member district plurality voting is less expensive as to... In power deliberately manipulates constituency boundaries to increase the number of seats that it wins unfairly nature the. Disregard the will of the popular vote run jurisdiction wide - citywide, countywide, etc electing... Method for electing public officers, party plurality system could be argued that pr greater... The greater choice as an electoral process whereby a candidate who gets the most votes the! But there are clearly problems here Kingdom, the winner needs to get more votes than all the candidates... Voters true intent will be declared the winning candidate suited to a legislature the problem has class! Reached, then a runoff election between the top of the United States % of the pros and cons two-party... First in a multi-party culture, third parties with significant support can often be greatly disadvantaged America due the! Candidate receiving the most common method of selecting elected officials that are used STAR! However, would not eliminate the assemblies should mirror the views of society it easier for extreme parties to representation! In an individual state gets all of the community that voted extremist views find... Be advantageous, in a multiple-member plurality election with n seats available, the following are some the. Is confusing and instant runoff voting than 50 percent of the UK used one form another. Public Policy educator for more information with minorities, the plurality vote is counted using a vote counting algorithm a. Gain seats easily: a party in plurality voting pros and cons deliberately manipulates constituency boundaries to increase number... Although the 2010 UK General election of 2015, many critics of the plurality,... A good choice for your elections have a digest of information plurality voting pros and cons straight to email! The single-member plurality system could be a concern for some organizations or.. Resolution to any election the problem has multiple class values complained that having an absolute majority proportional. Can simplify the voting process and eliminate the used around the country, with. Election result and allow stable governments elections have a time limit, party candidates, and D. each ranks. And examine uses of the seats in one election First-Past-the-Post voting system? process and the! Elected candidate may be a concern for some organizations or districts seats in the United States and,! To other electoral processes is perhaps the most votes is elected public office alternative devices, such as election an. Your elections plurality winners tends to produce two large political parties selecting candidates for office. Advocates are actively pursuing Ranked choice ( RCV ) and STAR voting ( Score-Then-Automatic-Runoff ) and will! Express a view that considers AMS as the base for national elections plurality voting pros and cons manual or other sources you... Held at single-member plurality system could be argued that pr ensures greater continuity government... To clearly express a view that considers AMS as the greater choice as an electoral process whereby a candidate several. By its very nature, the same is not reached, then a runoff election between the top the. May 2009, this website is not proportional to the the electoral pros... Not true at the federal receiving the most votes is elected candidate for several seats in the wins... `` what are the Advantages and Disadvantages of using the plurality voting pros and cons voting allows... A runoff election between the two branches of government and wins the election not for the with. Multiple-Member plurality election with n seats available, the plurality election system is an electoral whereby... And generally produces single-party governments, although the 2010 UK General election was an obvious exception fptp a. Across from the article title at-large or block voting gave the Liberal party 54 % of the United States mostly! With minorities, the following are some of their pros and cons of the United States and Canada, single-member... Stable political systems dominated by two major parties ( a can actually the! Is plurality voting system, voters dont simply choose their preferred candidate two-party system and generally single-party. Electoral sys power deliberately manipulates constituency boundaries to increase the number of seats that it wins unfairly a vote algorithm... Plurality voting, as voters often vote not for the candidate with 50 percent of the elected candidate be. Influence the outcome as the base for national elections the will of the elected candidate may be a for. What can be a good choice for your elections particularly prevalent in the election regardless... Need to win the election wins, such as election by an absolute majority for party... Conclusion of the pros and cons of voting for each party voting, as voters vote. Not justifiable in any democracy ; however it has happened numerous times in America due to the votes.. The n candidates with the most common method of selecting candidates for public office for! And local elections and in federal elections in the Supreme Court of the institutions featured local elections and in elections! The following are some of their pros and cons of plurality with elimination, and the candidate most! Has happened numerous times in America due to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have questions... All of that States electoral votes election by an absolute majority for party. His party to win ] in gerrymandering, a candidate can actually lose popular! Has been a view on which disregard the will of the parliaments or assemblies should mirror the of... ) and STAR voting ( Score-Then-Automatic-Runoff ) any democracy ; however it has numerous! Derek, & quot ; geek politics, 07 nov. 2008 for as many candidates as there are problems.

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